Rockets VII: Staging
See also parts I , II , III , IV , V , and VI . Space is sort of hard to get to. You've got one of the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs), which are really efficient rockets which'll give you a v e of 4.4 km/s in vacuum. That's pretty efficient for burning stuff and about as well as we can do for a rocket that can take off from Earth. But lets say we do want to take off from Earth. Well, plugging that into the rocket equation we see that you need a mass ratio of 8.5 to 1 to get the 9.4 km/s you need to reach orbit. Especially when the big tank you need to hold the hydrogen for your rocket probably has a mass ratio of 10 to 1 before you add in the engines or the shuttle and payload. Thankfully the shuttle also had its boosters which finished burning early then the big casings that contained all that solid fuel were dropped into the ocean where they couldn't slow the rest of the shuttle down. Being able to drop heavy pieces of your rocket when you'r